Chem-5105: Macromolecular Chemistry

Credit Hour: 03

Year: MS

Term: I

Course Objectives:

·         To know about macromolecules

·         Understand characteristics and properties of polymer

·         Practical uses of polymer

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      create a new route for synthesis of polymer

2.      develop yield of a reaction through mechanism

3.      estimate molecular weight and size of polymer

4.      differentiate between different types of polymer compounds

5.      recognize the specified types of reaction mechanisms of polymerization

6.      Provide description about polymer colloid.

7.      Determine a range of application of polymer.

8.      Analyze the nature and degradation phenomena of polymer.

9.      Explore the better synthesis methods of polymer for uses.

1.      General Idea on Polymer: Introduction: polymer, monomer, oligomer, repeating units, structure of polymer molecules based on configuration and conformation, classification of polymer, intermolecular forces, biological and industrial importance of polymers, end group analysis, polymer solutions: thermodynamics of polymer dissolution, size and shape of macromolecules in solution.

2.      Polymer Reactions and Mechanisms: Hydrolysis, acidolysis, aminolysis, hydrogenation, addition and substitution reaction, cyclization reaction, crosslinking reaction, type of polymerization reactions: chain polymerization (free radical, ionic and coordination) step polymerization (poly-condensation, poly-addition and ring opening), mechanism of each polymerization, chain length and degree of polymerization, initiation and initiator efficiency in free radical polymerization, gel effect, inhibition and retardation, elementary idea on oxidative and atom transfer radical polymerization.

3.      Copolymers: Classifications of copolymer, structure of copolymers, preparation of block and graft copolymers, reactivity ratio and its measurement, significance of reactivity ratio, copolymer equation for ideal and alternating copolymer.

4.      Kinetics of polymerization: Kinetics of chain polymerizations (free radical, ionic and coordination), step polymerization (poly-condensation, poly-addition and ring opening) kinetics of free radical copolymerization.

Section-B

5.      Polymer Colloids: Latex, chemistry of polymer colloid formation, brief introduction on emulsion and dispersion polymerization, general idea on solution, bulk and suspension polymerizations, colloids stability, applications of polymer colloids in paper, adhesives, coating and industries.

6.      Polymers Degradation: Introduction, types of degradation: thermal degradation, factors affecting thermal degradation, mechanical degradation, degradation by ultrasonic wave, photo degradation, oxidative degradation, degradation by high energy and bacteria, hydrolytic degradation.

7.      Monomers and Related Petrochemicals: Petrochemicals, classifications of petrochemicals, distillation products from petroleum, reactions of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, solvents and specific applications, synthesis of butadiene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, styrene, surfactants etc.

Chem -4207: Polymer Chemistry

Credit Hour: 03

Year: Fourth

Term: II

Rationale:

This course will give enormous idea about polymer, polymerization and characterization.

Course Objectives:

·         To provide students with general knowledge that will enable them to carry out further future studies in the subject

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      create a new route for synthesis of polymer

2.      develop yield of a reaction through mechanism

3.      estimate molecular weight and size of polymer

4.      differentiate between different types of polymer compounds

5.      recognize the specified types of reaction mechanisms of polymerization

1.      Introduction to Polymer: Definition and types of polymer, basic structure of polymers, nomenclature and tacticity, molecular forces and chemical bonding in polymers, flow behavior of polymers, viscocity and viscoelasticity, glass transition temperature (T_g) mechanical properties of crystalline polymers: crystallinity, the crystalline melting point etc.

2.      Chemistry of Polymerization: Mechanism and kinetics of polymerization: initiator, initiation, propagation and termination, polymerization techniques, co-polymerization, mechanis m and kinetics of co-polymerization, craft and co-polymers.

3.      Molecular Weight and Size of Polymers: Average molecular weight and number average molecular weight, distribution of molecular weight and degree of polymerization; methods for the determination of molecular weight of high polymers.

4.      Polymer Solution: Criteria for polymer solubility; size and shapes of polymer in solution; thermodynamics of polymer solutions; Flory-Huggins theory, fractionation of polymers by solubility.

Section-B

5.      Polymer Processing: Polymer processing techniques, molding, extrusion, thermoforming, phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin etc. epoxy resin, polyester, polyethylene, PVC etc.

6.      Chemical Transformation of Polymers: Polymers degradation, cross linking, intra molecular rearrangements, plasticization, vulcanization of rubber, curing of plastics, stabilization.

7.      Dying of Textile Fibres: Modern concept of dyeing, kinetics and mechanis m of dyeing, factors affecting of dieing, dye intermediate, preparation of some important dye, and classification of dyes.

8.      Natural polymers: A brief outline of cotton, jute, silk, wool and neoprene rubber, sources and structure of cellulose, allomorphs and their inter conversion.

CHEM -5221: Chemistry of Pollution

Credit Hour: 03

Year: MS

Term: II

Course Objectives:

·         This course specifically addresses about the chemical reactions in the environment, water chemistry and water pollution, impacts of toxic compounds and hazardous waste.

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      Describe important chemical reactions in the atmosphere, including important chemical reactions in connection with pollutants.

2.      Understand how pollutants are transported and accumulate in the environment.

3.      Know about the water and wastewater quality and treatment (Sampling, modeling, and the design of biological/chemical/physical treatment methods for large and small communities).

4.      Hazardous and solid waste chemistry (site assessment, risk assessment, remediation methods, landfill design).

5.      Identify the effects of toxic pollutants such as Pb, Cd, Hg, As.

6.      To solve the environmental health effects (toxicology, industrial hygiene, ecological impacts).

1.      Introduction: Human impact and pollution, green chemistry, chemical fates and transport.

2.      Gaseous waste and pollutants: Sources of gaseous pollutants, types and classification of air pollutants: particulates, hydrocarbons, CO, oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, photochemical oxidants, gaseous waste and pollutants in Portland cement, glass, fiber glass, petroleum refineries, iron and steel and acid manufacturing industries, pharmaceutical etc.

3.      Water pollution: General considerations of water and its sources, surface water, ground water, and marine water, general causes of water pollution, types of chemical pollutants in water, water use and water treatment technology for different categories of water.

4.      Heavy metal pollution: Pollution sources, biochemical and toxicological effects of Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr, Se and Rn.

Section-B

5.      Solid wastes:  Type of solid wastes, municipal waste, industrial wastes, hazardous wastes, household etc. Sources of solid waste.

6.      Solid waste management:  Industrial ecology and waste treatment, waste reduction and minimization, recycling, physical and chemical methods of waste treatment: an overview, green waste treatment by photolysis, biodegradation of wastes, and disposal of wastes.

7.      Toxic effects of chemical pollutions on living system: Toxic chemicals-metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As), pesticides, hydrocarbons, toxic gases (CO, H₂S, NO₂), Effect on human health.

8.      Noise pollution: Classification of noise pollution, measurements of noise pollutions, noise pollution hazards and its controls.

Chem -4107: Organic Reaction Mechanism

Credit Hour: 03

Year: Fourth

Term: I

Rationale:

This course will provide knowledge about reaction mechanism and novel synthesis pathways.

Course Objectives:

·         To provide knowledge about substitution, elimination and addition reaction

·         To conceptualize the conformational, steric, and stereoelectronic effects of organic molecules

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      describe mechanism of aliphatic and aromatic substitution, elimination, addition reaction

2.      compare between the different reactions mechanisms

3.      apply various techniques in studying organic reaction mechanisms, and principles in multi-step organic syntheses

4.      compare and contrast conformational, steric, and stereoelectronic effects of organic molecules

5.      explain various factors affecting substitution, elimination, addition reaction

6.      identify reaction product and the changes that occur in the structure of organic compounds interacting depending on the type of interaction

7.      describe the concepts and basic  principles of some important reaction such as aldol reactions, enolate anions etc

1.      Substitution Reactions: a) Nucleophilic Substitution at a Saturated Carbon Atom: Mechanism of S_N2 & S_N1 reaction, kinetics, thermodynamics and stereochemistry, effect of structure, solvent, leaving, attracting and neighboring group participation in substitution reactions.

b) Electrophilic Substitution in Aromatic system: Electrophilic substitution in benzene, formation of sigma and pi complexes; electrophilic substitution in monosubstituted benzene.

c) Nucleophilic Substitution in Aromatic System: Nucleophilic substitution in substituted benzene through benzene intermediates.

2.      Elimination Reaction:  E1 and E2 mechanism, streoselectivity of E2 mechanism, mechanism of E1CB reaction, orientation in E2 reaction, elimination vs substitution reaction, Saytzef vs Hofmann products in elimination reactions.

3.      Addition Reaction: a) Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition to Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds: 1,2 and 1,4-additions, their stereochemistry, kinetics and thermodynamics.

b) Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Compounds: Addition to conjugated system like conjugated dienes and conjugated unsaturated carbonyl compounds, effect of structure on reactivity.

Section-B

4.      Molecular Rearrangements:  Base-catalysed rearrangements, rearrangements involving migration to electron deficient nitrogen and oxygen atoms; aromatic rearrangement passing through-“No mechanism pathways” Claisen, Cope and related rearrangements.

5.      Formation and Reaction of Es ters and Related Compounds:  Acyl oxygen and hydrolysis, reactivity in the hydrolysis and formation of esters, formation and hydrolysis of amides.

6.      Mechanism of Some Important Reactions: A ldol condensation, Benjoin condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Perkin reaction, Diels -Alder reaction, Michael and Mannich reactions, Reimer-Tinmann reaction, Meerwein-Pronndrof, Clemmenson and Wolf-Kshiner reduction, Wittig reaction and Oppenauer oxidation reaction.

Chem -3110: Environmental Chemistry Sessional

Credit Hour: 01

Year: Third

Term: I

Rationale:

This course will provide environmental sample collection, preparation, analysis and identification.

Course Objectives:

·         To familiarize the concepts, terminology, conventions and calculations important in environmental Chemistry

·         To assist students to apply environmental chemical analysis and utilize appropriate analytical methods and techniques

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      outline quantitative environmental analysis

2.       explain the analytical methods of the important water quality parameters

3.        apply different analytical techniques to determine the basic parameters for assessing the quality of drinking and waste water

4.        understand and explain the chemistry of the major environmental threats to water

5.       estimate quality parameters of sediment and soil

6.      perform accurate laboratory work in a range of basic analytical chemistry applications

1.      Determination of water quality parameters (pH, alkalinity, acidity, free CO₂, hardness, DO, BOD, COD) in water samples.

2.      Determination of sediment and soil quality parameters

3.      Determination of air quality standard parameters

Chem -3109: Environmental Chemistry

Credit Hour: 02

Year: Third

Term: I

Rationale:

This course will provide a vast knowledge about chemistry of environment.

Course Objectives:

·         To introduce atmospheric chemistry and the sources of air pollution with primary and secondary Pollutants

·         To familiarizes with the steps of physical, chemical and biological treatment and waste water treatment methods

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      explain the environmental impact of the current use of fossil fuels, and describe how these may be minimized

2.      classify regions of the atmosphere, and describe temperature and chemical composition of the earth‘s atmosphere and mixing of gases within the atmosphere

3.       recognize the water composition and types, water pollutants, treatment and quality

4.       distinguish soil pollutants such as fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide and pesticide innovative alternatives

5.      demonstrate the origin, types and treatment of wastes

6.      comment about toxicity, types and effect of toxic substance on human health

1.      Environmental Chemistry of Water: The properties of water, chemical composition of natural water, sources and uses of water, hydrological cycle; the characteristics of water bodies, different types of chemical reaction in water bodies, carbonate equilibrium in water, microbial mediated elemental transition in water body, water conservation.

2.      Water Pollution: Nature and types of water pollutants, sources of water pollution, water quality parameter and standards for drinking

Waters, heavy metals and trace elements, monitoring techniques and methodology, eutrophication.

3.      Water Treatment: Water treatment reservation water, removal of solids, removal of metals, removal of dissolved organic and inorganic pollutants in water, water disinfection, desalination of

marine water

4.      Soil Pollution: The nature and importance of soil, composition of soil, macronutrients and micronutrients in soil, waste and pollutants in soil, soil erosion, human substance in soil and their interaction with micro-nutrients, agricultural practices and their interaction with micro- nutrients.

Section-B

5.      Chemistry of Air: Composition of air, types of chemical pollutants in air and their sources, automobile pollutant and its control, chemical and photochemical reactions and their consequent effects, accident, acid rain and photo chemical smog, environmental effects of oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur and hydrocarbons. Green houses gases, Sources and sinks, Consequences of greenhouses effect, Ozone layer depletion.  

6.      Industrial Waste and Chemical Toxicology:   Characterizations of industrial waste, classification, industrial waste utilization. classification of toxicants, LC₅₀ & LD₅₀, concept of threshold limit value, biochemical effect of heavy metals, carcinogens,

7.      Resources and Energy:  Mineral resources: metals and non-metals, wood- a major renewable resource, fuel and energy, world energy resources: composition and conservation.

8.      Importance of Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry: Uses of analytical methods in analyzing environmental samples; choice of analytical methods for selective environmental ana lysis; validation of analytical procedures; quality assurance and quality control practices in chemical analysis; interpretation of result.

Chem -2208: Analytical Chemistry Sessional-I

Credit Hour: 1

Year: Second

Term: II

Rationale:

The course will provide the practical demonstration of experimental techniques and application of statistical analytical concepts.

Course Objectives:

·         To implement analytical concepts and techniques to solve practical analytical problems, which provides the quality to pursue the career related to chemical analysis

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      identify the important analytical issues to be considered during analysis

2.      perform writing to represent scientific information clearly and accurately, both in oral and in written forms

3.      Determination of total alkalinity of soda ash.

4.      Determination of water hardness with EDTA.

5.      Determination of chloride in a soluble chloride: Fajann’s method

6.      Analysis of commercial hypochlorite or peroxide solution by iodometric titration

7.      pH titration of soda ash

8.      Determination of the amount of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in a given sample using a standard dichromate solution.

Chem -2207: Analytical Chemistry-I

Credit Hour: 03

Year: Second

Term: II

Rationale:

This course will provide the practical demonstration of experimental techniques of determining physical parameters matter

Course Objectives:

·         To teach analytical concepts and techniques to solve practical analytical problems, which provides the quality to pursue the career related to chemical analysis

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      follow the proper procedures and regulations for safe handling and use of chemicals

2.      understand on the working principle of different analytical techniques and recognize their advantages and limitations

3.      apply statistical methods to assess analytical measurement data quality and interpret their significance, validate analytical methods and results

4.      integrate different analytical techniques to solve analytical problems

5.      communicate scientific information clearly and accurately, both in oral and in written forms

1.      Introduction of Analytical Chemistry: Definition and scope of analytical chemistry, chemical analysis, types of analysis, classification of basic instrumental methods of chemical analysis, requirements for the suitability of a reaction, completeness of a chemical reaction, micro chemical units used in analytical chemistry.

2.      Evaluation of Analytical Data: Definition of terms: mean, median, precision, accuracy, determinate errors and their correction, indeterminate errors, normal error curve and its properties, standard deviation, confidence level, test of significance (t & F tests), rejection of data (Q test), sensitivity, detection limit, least square analysis of data.

3.      Stoichiometric Calculation: Definition of terms: mole, molarity, molality, normality, density and their chemical calculations, volumetric analysis and its calculations.

4.      Some Theoretical Principles of Analytical Chemistry: The dissociation theory, common ion effect, solubility product, effect of acidity on solubility of precipitates, condition for precipitations, order of precipitations, condition for solution, diverse ion effect, thermo gravimetric method of analysis: TGA, DTA, DSC, & DTG analysis of a typical sample

Section-B

5.      Acid-base Titration: Neutralization indicators; neutralization curve: neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base, neutralization of a weak acid with a strong base, neutralization of a strong acid with a weak base, neutralization of a weak acid with a weak base; neutralization of a polyprotic acids with strong base; choice of indicators in neutralization reactions; titration in non-aqueous solvents; indicators for non-aqueous titration.

6.      Complexation Titration: Complexes in analytical chemistry, a simple complexation titration, titration curve; types of EDTA titration; titration of mixtures, selectivity, masking and demasking agents; metal ion indicators; detection of end point.

7.      Oxidation-Reduction Titration: Titration curve; change of the electrode potential during redox titration; redox indicator, titration curve, detection of end point in oxidation-reduction titrations.

8.      Gravimetric Analysis: General principles of gravimetric analysis; steps in gravimetric analysis, the colloidal state; super saturation, precipitation method; types ,properties and formation of precipitates, precipitating reagents, precipitation reactions and titrations; determination of end points in precipitation titration, the purity of the precipitate: co-precipitation, post precipitation, digestion, washing and drying of precipitate

Chem-1104: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis Sessional-I

Credit Hour: 01

Year: First

Term: I

Rationale:

This course is designed to gather idea about laboratory apparatus as well as qualitative analysis.

Course Objectives:

·         To introduce various common apparatus and reagents used in chemistry laboratory

·         To teach how to prepare standard solution

·         To enable the students identifying the cations and anions in ionic compounds

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.        maintain the proper procedures and regulations for safe handling and use of chemicals

2.        apply basic process calculations and calculates for various strength chemical solution

3.        write and present formal laboratory reports on the results of chemical experiments. this includes computation, error analysis, and graphic data displays

4.        identify individual ions

1.      Introducing some common apparatus and reagents:

a)      Use of balance

b)      Use of graduated glassware

c)      Water for laboratory use

d)     Reagents and standard solution.

2.      Some basic techniques:

a)      Preparation of the substance for analysis and weighing the Sample.

b)      Preparation of the solution of the sample.

3.      Systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic substances

a)      Physical appearance

b)      Preliminary dry test

c)      Wet test

4.      Removal of interfering acids for systematic examination of bases in solution.

5.        Analysis of insoluble substances.

Chem-1103: Periodic Table and Chemical Bonding

Credit Hour: 03

Year: First

Term: I

Rationale:

The course is designed to provide students with the knowledge required for careers & higher education about periodic table and bonding in inorganic chemistry.

Course Objectives:

·         To provide students with a theoretical foundation of atomic structure

·         To familiarize the variations of properties within periods and groups

·         To introduce the basic concept of covalent, ionic and metallic bonding

Intended Learning Outcomes

(ILOs)

Course Content

Section-A

At the end of the course the students will be able to-

1.      discuss about the nature and composition of matter and various atomic theory

2.      explain electronic configuration of atoms with necessary principles and rules

3.      illustrate the classifications of the elements in the periodic table

4.      analyze variations of properties within periods and groups

5.      classify bonds in common compounds along the continuum of purely covalent to purely ionic

6.      describe the nature of the bonding in ionic and covalent compounds.

7.      use the valence-shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to predict the parent structure, approximate bond angles, and molecular shape of a molecule or polyatomic ion

1.      Introduction: The fundamental laws of Chemistry, the nature and composition of matter, the atomic theory.

2.      Structure of the Atom: Atomic structure, Rutherford‘s atom model, fundamental particles of atom, atomic spectra and electronic structure, Bohr‘s model of the atom, origin of hydrogen spectrum, quantum numbers, Bohr-Sommerfield model.

3.      Wave Mechanical approach of Atomic Structure: Wave nature of electron, the Schrodinger wave equation, the nature of atomic orbital: Heisenberg Uncertainty principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund‘s rule, Aufbau principle, electronic configuration of atoms.

4.      Periodic Table and Periodic properties: Periodic law, classification of the elements in the periodic table, variation of properties within periods and groups: atomic sizes, ionization energy, electron affinity, electro negativity etc.

Section-B

5.      Introduction to Bonding: Overview definition of bond, types of bond, transition between main types of bonding, comparison among intra-molecular forces.

6.      Ionic Bonding: General properties of ionic bond, structure of ionic compounds, ionic radii, radius ratio rules, lattice energy and Born Haber cycle, application of lattice energies, stability of solids, Fazan‘s rule, covalent character of ionic bond and polarization effects.

7.      Covalent Bonding: Introduction of covalent bond, Lewis and Sedgwick-Powel theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, hybridization, resonance concept , bond polarity and dipole moment.

8.      Metallic Bonding: Favorable condition of metallic bond, general properties of metals, theories of bonding in metals: free electron theories, valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory, conductors, insulators, semiconductor and superconductivity, alloys.