Dr. Khondoker Moazzem Hossain
Professor
Email:
kmhossainbt@yahoo.com.au/moazzem@bge.ku.ac.bd
Contact:
Cell No. +8801711381803
Address:
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University; Khulna-9208; Bangladesh
Khondoker Moazzem Hossain, PhD (World Bank Fellow, Australia) and Post-Doctoral Commonwealth Academic Fellow, UK presently working as Professor in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh. He is a leading Biotechnologist who got specialized academic knowledge and research experiences in the field of Animal and Food Biotechnology. Dr. Hossain is teaching both theory and practical courses at Undergraduate and Postgraduate level of studies. Moreover, He is supervising research/thesis students in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Programs. Dr. Hossain is also conducting several research projects being funded by different national and international organizations.
Post-Doctoral Fellowship (Commonwealth Scholarship), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2005
PhD in the field of Biotechnology (World Bank Scholarship), University of Queensland, Australia, 1993
M. Sc. in Dairy Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 1983
B. Sc. (Honours) in Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 1981
Research interests are particularly focused on Food and Animal Biotechnology with special emphasis on Probiotic Foods & Feeds development for Human and Poultry, Embryo Transfer Technology, In Vitro Fertilization, Genetically Modified (GM) Foods, Food Safety and Security, Animal Cell Culture, Technology Transfer and others associated fields.
Current Research Project/Collaboration
Teaching Experience: 27 Years 03 Months 02 Days (as on 24 December 2023); Research Experience: 09 Years 04 Months
(a) Assistant
Professor in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Discipline, Khulna University from 22 September 1996 to 02 July 2001. Tenure of service: 4 Years 09 Months 10
Days.
(b) Associate
Professor in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
Discipline, Khulna University from 03 July 2001 to 02 July, 2005. Tenure of service: 4 Years.
(c) Professor in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University from 03 July, 2005. Tenure of service: 18 Years 05 Months 21 Days as on 24 December 2023.
(d)
Experiences in Research: 09 Years 04 Months as Scientific
Officer, Bangladesh Livestock
Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from 21 May 1987 to 21 September
1996.
(
No Data Available
Supervision
| SL | Title | Degree | Role | Start Date | End Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Molecular Characterization of Probiotic Bacteria and Development of Probiotic Products for Human | PhD | Supervisor | July 2012 | December 2019 |
| 2 | Effects of heat stress and antioxidants on dermal fibroblast cells of buffalo | Masters | Supervisor | January, 2021 | June, 2022 |
| 3 | Lyophilized native probiotics as starter feed supplement on ducklings | Masters | Supervisor | January, 2021 | June, 2022 |
| 4 | Evaluation of amylase activity of starch degrading bacteria isolated and identified from rice mill soil | Masters | Supervisor | January, 2021 | July, 2022 |
| 5 | Comparative study of quality of selected dairy ice cream available in Bangladesh | Masters | Supervisor |
No Data Available
coming soon...
Book Published:
S. Al-Azad, K.M. Hossain and S.M.M. Rahman (2018). Is Bacillus cereus only Defective? LAMBERT Academic Publishing (ISBN: 978-613-9-84637-5).
Research Publications in Refereed International and
National Journals: 67 (sixty seven).
(1) Umama Khan, SM Mahbubur Rahman, Salauddin Khan, Swarna Roy and Khondoker Moazzem Hossain (2024). Effects of probiotics on productive performances andserum lipid profile of broiler as substitute of antibiotics. Science Progress, Vol.107(3) 1–23. DOI: 10.1177/00368504241276259.
(2) Arrafy Rahman, Khondoker Moazzem Hossain, Shithima Sayed, S.M. Tushar Alam,Omar Faruq, Md. Ahasun Habib and Fahmida Khatun (2024). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Aerobic Bacteria Responsible for Post-Surgical WoundInfection of the Patients Admitted into Khulna Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Access Microbiology, 6:000401. DOI 10.1099/acmi.0.000401.
(3) Md. Mizanur Rahman, Shahidul Islam Salim, Imran Khan, Khondoker Moazzem Hossain, Liaquat Ali and Zahid Hassan (2022). Angiotensinogen Gene M235T and T174M Polymorphism in Diabetic Nephropathy in a BangladeshiPopulation. Avicenna J Med Biochem, 10(2):84-89. DOI: 10.34172/ajmb.2022.2358.
(4) Gazi M.S., Hossain K.M., Rokeya B., Pallob B and Al-Mazid M.F. (2022). Effects of Probiotic supplemented yogurt on neonatal streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Khulna University Studies, Volume 19 (2): 57-65.
(5) Hamid, M.A. and Hossain, K.M. (2022). Study on Reproductive Performance of Bangladeshi Buffalo under Intensive Farming System. International Journal of Business, Social and Scientific Research, 10(1), 57–65.
(6) Sarkar, A., Hossain, K.M., Rahman, S.M.M. and Sarder, A. (2022). The Effects of Probiotic Isolates against Enteric Pathogenic Microorganisms in Mice Model. International Journal of Novel Research and Development, 7(8), 906-925.
(7) Hossain, K.M., Gazi, M.S., Barai, P., Al-Mazid, M.F., Jalil, M.A., Hamid M.A. and Rahman, M. (2021). Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Probiotic Bacteria Obtained from Selective Regional Yoghurts in Bangladesh. Food Safety and Health, 1(1), 1-7.
(8) Haque, T., Hossain K.M., Bhuiyan, M.M.R., Ananna, S.A., Islam, M.R., Hussain, M.A., Ahmed, A. and Rahman, M.M. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards COVID-19 and the Assessment of Risks of Infection by SARS-CoV-2 Among the Bangladeshi Population: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey. Food Safety and Health, 1(1), 21-34.
(9) Rahman M.M., Ahmed A., Hossain K.M., Haque T., Islam M.R. and Hussain, M.A. (2021). Impact of Control Strategies on the COVID-19 Pandemic and the SIR Model-Based Forecasting in Bangladesh. Food Safety and Health, 1(1), 8-15.
(10) Hossain, K.M., A.K. Das, S.M.M. Rahman, S. Roy and M.A. Hamid (2020). Biomedical property analysis of native probiotic isolates from selective poultry. Bang. J. Livs. Res. 27 (1&2), 39-54 (https://doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v27i1.55168).
(11) Hossain, K.M., B. Mazumder, S.M.M. Rahman and M.A. Hamid (2020). Genetic diversity analysis of lactic acid bacteria isolated from regional yogurt samples. Bang. J. Livs. Res. 27(1&2), 55-63 (https://doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v27i1.55169).
(12) Mithila Farjana, Khondoker Moazzem Hossain and Sana Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman (2020). Molecular Analysis of the Isolated Probiotic Microorganisms from Yoghurt Samples, distributed in Khulna and Chittagong City of Bangladesh, using RAPD Marker. J. Biosci. Agric. Res. 25(01), 2075-2084.
(13) Al Azad S, Moazzem Hossain K, Rahman SMM, Al Mazid MF, Barai P and Gazi MS (2020). In ovo Inoculation of Duck Embryos with different Strains of Bacillus cereus to Analyse their Synergistic Post-Hatch Anti-Allergic Potentialities. Vet Med. Sci., 00:1–8.
(14) Sourav Biswas Nayan, Khondoker Moazzem Hossain, Md. Faizul Hossain Miraz, Gautam Kumar Deb, Md. Raihanul Hoque, S M Jahangir Hossain and Kazi Mohammed Didarul Islam (2020). Effects of Selective Extenders on Buffalo Semen Quality at Physical and Molecular Level. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 90(9): 1250–1254.
(15) Jalil, M.A., A. Rahman, S.M.M. Rahman and K.M. Hossain (2019). Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Regional Yogurt Samples of Bangladesh using 16S rDNA Sequencing. Advances in Pharmacology and Clinical Trials, 4(2):000158.
(16) Hossain K.M., P. Barai, S.M.M. Rahman, M.F. Al-Mazid, M.S. Gazi and M.A. Jalil (2018). Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Probiotic Bacteria Obtained from Yoghurt Samples of Rajshahi and Chittagong Divisions of Bangladesh and their Antimicrobial Activity Against Enteric Pathogens. B. Journal of Livestock Research, Special Volume 21-25:142-152.
(17) Hossain K.M., A. Rahman, S.M.M. Rahman and M.A. Jalil (2018). A Study on the Anti-allergic Effects of the Native Probiotic Isolates on Hydrochloride Induced Mice Model. B. Journal of Livestock Research, Special Volume 21-25:36-44.
(18) Barai, P., K.M. Hossain, S.M.M. Rahman, M.F. Al-Mazid and M.S. Gazi (2018). Antidiarrheal Efficacy of Probiotic Bacteria in Castor Oil Induced Diarrheal Mice. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 23(4):294-300 (https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2018.23.4.294; pISSN 2287-1098 eISSN 2287-8602).
(19) Arrafy Rahman, Khondoker Moazzem Hossain, Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq, Shariful Alam Jilani, Hasina Mamtaz, Fahmida Rahman and Monirul Haque (2017). A Study on the Baseline of Widal Titer of the Apparently Healthy Students of a Private Medical College of Dhaka City. International Journal of Current Research,9(3): 48130-48133.
(20) Arrafy Rahman, Sinthia Tahmina, Md. Imran Hossain, Md. Zakir Hosen, Khondoker Moazzem Hossain and Hasina (2017). An Investigation into the Correlations among the Widal Titers and some Diseases (other than typhoid) that are Responsible for the False Positive Results of Widal Test. International Journal of Medical and Health Research, 3(9): 52-55.
(21) Hamid, M.A., M.A. Zaman, A. Rahman and K.M. Hossain (2017). Buffalo Genetic Resources and their Conservation in Bangladesh. Research Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 10(1):1-13.
(22) Hamid, M.A., M.A. Rahman, S. Ahmed and K.M. Hossain (2017). Status of Poultry Industry in Bangladesh and the Role of Private Sector for its Development. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 11:1-13 (DOI: 10.3923/ajpsaj.2017.1.13).
(23) Hamid, M.A., A. Rahman, M. A. Zaman and K.M. Hossain (2017). Cattle Genetic Resources and their Conservation in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences,11(2):54-64 (DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2017.54.64).
(24) Rahman, M.M., K. Moazzem Hossain and S.M.M. Rahman, (2016). Isolation, Characterization and Properties Study of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria of Selected Yoghurt from Bangladesh, African Journal of Microbiology Research,10 (1), 23-31.
(25) Hamid, M.A., M.N.A. Siddiky, M.A. Rahman and K.M. Hossain (2016). Scopes and Opportunities of Buffalo Farming in Bangladesh: A Review, SAARC J. Agri., 14(2):63-77.
(26) Hamid, M.A., S. Ahmed, M.A. Rahman and K.M. Hossain (2016). Status of Buffalo Production in Bangladesh Compared to SARC Countries, Asian Journal of Animal Sciences,10(6):313-329 (DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2016.313.329).
(27) Hamid, M.A., S. Ahmed, M.A. Rahman and K.M. Hossain (2016). Dairy Industry in Bangladesh: Present Scenario, Major Constraints and Strategies for Development. Bangladesh Open University Journal, 3(1): 17-43.
(28) Hassan F.M.N., Md. Shaifur Rahman, K.M.T. Rahman, Sharmin S. Sumi, Md. F. Islam, Md. Badrul Alam, Md. Giasuddin and Khondoker M. Hossain (2015). In-Silico Evaluation of the Capsid Proteins of FMDV as Potential Vaccine Candidates. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 3(1):6-20.
(29) Rahman, S.M.K., B.K. Das, F.K. Shoikat, S.M.M. Rahman and K. Moazzem Hossain (2015). Characterization of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Regional Chicken Feces. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9 (12), 880-885.
(30) Rahman, S.M.K., A. Jalil, S.M.M. Rahman and K. Moazzem Hossain (2015). A Study on Probiotic Properties of Isolated and Identified Bacteria from Regional Yoghurts. International Journal of Biosciences, 7 (4), 139-149.
(31) Hamid, M.A. and K.M. Hossain (2014). Role of Private Sectors in the Development of Dairy Industry in Bangladesh. Livestock Research for Rural Develpoment, 26 (10), 1-21(http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/10/hami26179.htm).
(32) Diba, F.S., K.M. Hossain, M.A. Azim and M.M. Hoque (2013). Isolation, Characterization and Determination of Antimicrobial Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Human Milk. Jordan J. of Biol. Sci., Vol. 6 (2), pp. 111-116 (DOI:10.12816/0000268).
(33) Khatun, M.M., K.M. Hossain and S.M.M. Rahman (2012). Molecular Characterization of Selected Local and Exotic Cattle using RAPD Marker. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., Vol. 25 (6), pp. 751-757 (DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11331).
(34) Hoque, M.Z., F. Akter, K.M. Hossain, M.S.M. Rahman, M.M. Billah and K.M.D. Islam (2010). Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus Spp. from Selective Regional Yoghurts. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, Vol. 5(1), pp. 39-46 (IDOSI Publications. ISSN 1817-308X).
(35) Rahman, M.S., K.M. Hossain, M.M.
Saha and M.M. Khatun (2010). Assessment of the Potential of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
(FANC) in the Diagnosis of Tumor at a Public Medical College Hospital in
Bangladesh.
(36) Khatun, M.M., K.M. Hossain, M.S.
Rahman and M. Billah (2009). Quality Evaluation of Selected Brands and Locally Available
Honey in Southern Region of
(37) Hoque, M.Z., K.M. Hossain and F. Akter (2009). The Effect of Lecithin-A Non-Absorbing Emulsifying Agent on Cookie Production. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 8 (7), pp. 1074-1077 (DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2009.1074.1077).
(38) Hossain, B.M., A. Babu, A.K. Obaidul Huq, M. Hossain, Moazzem
Hossain, M. N.H. Bhuiyan and S.M. Samsuddin (2007). Development of Non-alcoholic
Carbonated Health Drinks for Athletes in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 55(1): 123-128.
(39) Hossain, K.M. and M.J. Stear (2007). Genetic Variation and
Parasitic Disease Resistance of Small Ruminants. B. Journal of Livestock research, Vol. 13 (1&2), pp.96-111.
(40) Hossain,
B., K.M. Hossain, M.A. Babu, R.
Jahan, S.M.A. Rob, P.K. Dhar, K.M. Obaidul (2006).
Studies on Pollution Indicator in Effluents from Selected Beverage Plants in
Bangladesh. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. NPG.
10(2): 1-5.
(41) Mamun, A.M., K.M. Hossain, M.J. Hosen, M. Salim and
R. Ara (2006). Assessment of Coliform Risk on Selected
Non-alcoholic Beverages of Bangladesh. J.
of Subtropical Agricultural Research and Development 4(4):154-159.
(42) Hossain, M.B., S.M.E. Babor, K.M. Hossain and M. Ashrafuzzaman (2005). Effect of different Food
Enzymes as Leavening Agent on Wheat Flower Protein during Fermentation.
(43) Hossain, K.M., M.A. Hossain, A. Ashraf and M.M. Alam (2004). Abortic Effect of Papaya (Carica papaya) in Female Mice. Khulna University Studies, Vol. 4(2), pp. 762-764.
(44) Ahamed T, Hossain KM, Billah MM, Islam KMD, Ahasan MM, Islam ME (2004). Adaptation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on Vero cell line, International Journal of Poultry Science 3(2): 153-156 (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.153.156).
(45) Bose, R.K., K.M. Hossain, B.K. Sil and M.J.F.A. Taimur (2003). Comparative Sero Evaluation of Live and Killed Gumboro Vaccine in Broilers. Italian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 2/3, pp.157-162.
(46) Aryal, P.K., K.M. Hossain, M.M. Ahasan, K.M.D. Islam, M.M. Billah, M.E. Islam, M. Mehedi and S. Mitra (2003). Sero-prevalance of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Specific Antibody in Chicken. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, Vol. 2 (6), pp. 366-371 ((DOI: http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=javaa.2003.366.371).
(47) Islam, K.M.D., T. Ahmed, M.M. Ahsan, MM. Billah, M.E. Islam and K.M. Hossain (2003). Adaptation of Reovirus on Vero Cell Line. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, Vol. 2 (8), pp. 425-429 ((DOI: http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=javaa.2003.425.429).
(48) Hossain, B.M., K.M. Hossain, N. Jahan, D.I. Sharif, M.M. Alam, N. Sultana and K. Nag (2003). Study on the Effect of Alpha-Amylase on Commercial Bread Production Techniques in Bangladesh. Khulna University Studies, Vol. 4(1), pp. 627-631.
(49) Hossain, K.M., M.M. Alam, B.K. Sil and M.J.F.A Taimur (2003). Comparative Sero Evaluation of Live and killed Newcastle Disease (ND) Vaccine in Broiler Farm. Khulna University Studies, Vol. 4(1), pp.633-639.
(50) Mamun, M.A., K.M. Hossain, M.B. Hossain, M.R. Islam, D.K. Paul and M.A. Sattar (2003). Study and Determination of Bacterial load of Ice Cream Products. Journal of Applied science and Technology. Islamic University Studies, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 55-59.
(51) Ahasan, M.M., K.M. Hossain and M.R. Islam (2002). Adaptation of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) on Vero Cell
Line. Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 2(9), pp. 633-635.
(52) Mehedi, M., K.M. Hossain, M.J.F.J. Taimur, B.K. Sil and M.R. Islam (2002). Haemagglutination Antigen Preparation of Newcastle Disease Virus on Vero Cell Line. Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 2(10), pp. 648-649.
(53) Hossain,
K.M. and
N.P. McMeniman (2001). Effects of
Dietary Protein Level Upon Peripheral Plasma
Progesterone Concentration and Conception Rate in Dairy Cattle.
(54) Hossain, K.M. and N.P. McMeniman (2001). Effects of Dietary Protein Upon Concentrations of Urea in Peripheral Plasma and Uterine Fluid in Dairy Cattle. Khulna University Studies, Vol.3(2), pp.533-536.
(55) Sil, B.K., M.J.F.A. Taimur, K.M. Hossain, M. Giasuddin, M.E. Haque, E.R. Chowdhury, M.R. Alam and A.J. Sarkar (2001). Preliminary Study Towards the Development of Inactivated PPR Vaccine. B. Journal of Livestock Research, Vol. 7&8 (1-2), pp.1-6.
(56) Sil, B.K., M.J.F.A. Taimur, K.M. Hossain, M. Giasuddin, M.E. Haque, M.M. Rahman, A. Roy, J. Alam, M.R. Islam, B. Rashid, N. Akter, B.K. Pramanik and A.K.M.M. Anower (2001). Development of Mab-based Enzyme Immuno Slide Assay (EISA) for the Rapid and Accurate Field Diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. B. Journal of Livestock Research, Vol. 7&8 (1-2), pp.48-63.
(57) Hossain,
M.B, SSMA Khorashani, M.A. Malek, S.M. Hossain, K.M. Hossain, S.M. Shamsuddin and S.G. Khaleque (2000). Effects of Fiber-Enriched
Special Diet on the Patients of Hypertension. South Asian J. Nutr., Vol. 2 (1&2), pp. 77-81.
(58) Hossain, K.M., A.K.M.A. Mannan, B. Hossain, F. Begum & M.A Haque (2000). A study on Quality of Chomchom and Malaikari–Market and Laboratory made Sweet-Meats of Selected Areas in Bangladesh. South Asian J. Nutr., Vol. 2 (1 & 2), pp. 69-76.
(59) Hossain, M.B., K.M. Hossain, S.M. Hossain, D.K. Saha& P.K. Kundu (1999). Development of Coconut Delight Candy Using Desiccated Coconut Kernel. South Asian J. Nutr., Vol.1(1& 2), pp. 23-28.
(60) Sil, B.K., M.J.F.A. Taimur, K.M. Hossain, N.C. Debnath, M. Giasuddin and M.R. Alam (1999). Adaptation of Goat Pox Virus in Vero Cells. B. Journal of Livestock research, Vol. 6 (1&2), pp.13-17.
(61) Sil,
B.K., M.J.F.A. Taimur, M. Ershaduzzaman,
K.M. Hossain, A.J. Sarkar, N.C. Debnath
and M.R. Alam (1999). Comparative
Efficacy Trial of PPR Experimental Vaccine Candidate (avirulent mutant) with
Rinderpest Live Vaccines. B. Journal of
Livestock Research, Vol. 6 (1-2), pp.18-22.
(62) Begum, F., K.M. Hossain, M.A. Haque, K.A. Kabir and N.H. Chowdhury 1999). Effect of Soaking on Physical and Cooking Properties of Rice. South Asian J. Nutr., Vol. 1 (1&2), pp. 41-44.
(63) Hossain, K.M., N.P. McMeniman, K.F. Dowsett, D. Jillella & L.M. Knott (1998). The Effects of Dietary Crude Protein, Urea
Solutions and Uterine
Urea Concentrations upon Sperm Motility and Survival. B. Journal of Livestock research, Vol. 1(1-5), pp. 72-91.
(64) Hossain, K.M., N.P. McMeniman, K.F. Dowsett, D. Jillella & L.M.
Knott (1998). The Effects of Dietary
Crude Protein Intake upon Bovine Embryo Development and Survival. B. Journal of Livestock research, Vol.
1(1-5), pp.114-126.
(65) Hossain, K.M., T.N. Nahar, A.I. Talukder and S.S. Kibria (1996). Beef Fattening by Rural Women. Success stories of Women in Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 65-72 (ISBN No. 984-500-011-8).
(66) Kibria, S.S. and
K.M. Hossain (1995). Achievements of Bangladesh Livestock Research
Institute (BLRI) on Gender Issues in Agriculture. Gender Issues in Agriculture. Bangladesh
Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 35-38.
(67) Kibria, S.S. and K.M.
Hossain (1995). Agroforestry-Livestock
Linkage in
Animal Physiology and ReproductionRunning |
Animal Physiology and Reproduction Sessional and Field WorkRunning |
Animal Cell CultureRunning |
Animal Cell Culture Sessional and FieldworkRunning |
Animal Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringRunning |
Animal Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Sessional & Field WorkRunning |
Biotechnology: Concepts and ApplicationsRunning |
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Sessional and Field Work
- Animal Cell Culture
- Animal Cell Culture Sessional and Fieldwork
- Animal Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
- Animal Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Sessional & Field Work
- Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications